Driving Through Sawmill Towns poem analysis free essay sample

This first refrain from the sonnet, clarifies the excursion of a man passing through a sawmill town and his perceptions. Murray depicts his excursion through a little sawmill town in New South Wales while utilizing solid, clear symbolism and emotive language. As obvious by the title of this sonnet, symbolism is a solid strategy utilized in this sonnet as the creator depicts with incredible detail his excursion through a sawmill town. This strategy is utilized most in the accompanying expressions: â€Å"down an inclining street, into a far off valley.† And â€Å"The sawmill towns, exposed villas worked of sheets with maybe a store†. This has the impact of making a picture in the reader’s psyche and making the sonnet much increasingly genuine. There is likewise metaphorical language utilized in expressions, for example, â€Å"Having originate from the clouds† and â€Å"tilting road†. This adds with the impact of symbolism and accentuation on the excursion to the sawmill town. We will compose a custom exposition test on Passing Through Sawmill Towns sonnet investigation or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It likewise assists with making the refrain all the more fascinating to the peruser. Passing Through Sawmill Towns by Les Murray In the high cool nation, having originated starting from the clouds, an inclining street Into a removed valley, You drive without scurry. Your windscreen parts the woods, Influencing and looking, and stuck late morning brightness Hunches in clearings At that point you go over them, The sawmill towns, uncovered villas worked of sheets With maybe a store, Maybe a scaffold past Furthermore, a little sidelong spring bursting at the seams with rocks. This first refrain from the sonnet, clarifies the excursion of a man passing through a sawmill town and his perceptions. Murray depicts his excursion through a little sawmill town in New South Wales while utilizing solid, clear symbolism and emotive language. As obvious by the title of this sonnet, symbolism is a solid method utilized in this sonnet as the creator depicts with incredible detail his excursion through a sawmill town. This method is utilized most in the accompanying expressions: â€Å"down an inclining street, into a removed valley.† And â€Å"The sawmill towns, uncovered villages worked of sheets with maybe a store†. This has the impact of making a picture in the reader’s psyche and making the sonnet much progressively genuine. There is additionally non-literal language utilized in expressions, for example, â€Å"Having originate from the clouds† and â€Å"tilting road†. This adds with the impact of symbolism and accentuation on the excursion to the sawmill town. It likewise assists with making the verse all the more intriguing to the peruser. Passing Through Sawmill Towns by Les Murray In the high cool nation, having originated starting from the clouds, an inclining street Into a far off valley,

Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 Free Essays

string(56) and passes to sell in the business sectors could be withdrawn. Improvement The abolitionist bondage development created in the mid 1800s was an impressive power in the mission to end subjection. The West India Committee, in an offer to take off assaults, consented to proposition to improve the state of the slaves. These recommendations were called enhancement proposition and became effective in 1823. We will compose a custom exposition test on Enhancement and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now The proposition said that the British government ought to keep in touch with every one of the pilgrim governors, recommending that the gatherings pass neighborhood laws to improve the state of slaves. The recommendations were as per the following: 1. Female slaves ought not be whipped, and the managers and drivers ought not convey a whip in the fields. . Records ought to be kept of all lashes given to male slaves and all disciplines ought to be procrastinated on for at any rate 24 hours. 3. Strict guidance and relationships were to be energized. 4. Slaves could affirm in court against a liberated person, furnished that a pastor provided him with a character reference. 5. Slaves ought to have a break on Saturdays to go to showcase, so they would be allowed to go to chapel on Sunday mornings. 6. Slaves ought not be sold as installment for obligations. 7. There ought to be the foundation of slave investment funds banks which would help captives to set aside cash to purchase their opport unity. The disappointment of improvement These measures were met with furious obstruction from settlements, for example, Jamaica, Barbados, St Vincent and Dominica. Rather than improved conditions for the slaves, they confronted expanded fierceness from the grower. At long last, the greater part of the gatherings passed just a couple of the less-significant enhancement proposition. Improvement fizzled, yet it gave one of the major driving forces for the nullification of subjection. It became obvious that the grower were reluctant to improve the lives of the slaves and, in that capacity, the main other choice was to stopped subjugation. Liberation 1. All slaves in the British Empire were to be liberated on August 1, 1834. 2. Slave kids under six years of age were to be liberated right away. 3. Every single other slave were to serve a time of apprenticeship. They were to work for their lords for 401/2 hours out of every week. They would be paid uniquely for extra time. Praedial (field) slaves were to serve six years apprenticeship and non-praedial (household) captives to serve four years. 4. Grower were to keep giving food, cover, apparel, clinical consideration and different recompenses which they were acquainted with during subjugation. Students couldn't be sold and they could purchase their opportunity before apprenticeship reached a conclusion. 5. An entirety of ? 20 million was allowed by the British Parliament to repay slave proprietors for the loss of their slaves. 6. Stipendiary judges (SMs) were to be sent from England to guarantee the best possible working of the apprenticeship framework and to settle all debates among experts and understudies. THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM Aims of Apprenticeship a) To give a tranquil progress from servitude to opportunity. b) To ensure grower a satisfactory gracefully of work during the period and plan for full opportunity. ) To prepare students for opportunity, particularly working for compensation. d) To empower the pilgrim governments to modify the arrangement of equity and build up establishments reasonable for a free society. The stipendiary justices were resigned maritime and armed force officials on half compensation, named from Britain and were acclimated with unpleasan t conditions and authorizing discipline. They were picked in light of the fact that they were not associated with the grower class and it was felt that they would not be one-sided. Obligations of stipendiary officers a) To manage the apprenticeship framework. b) To settle debates among bosses and students. ) To visit homes at normal interims and hold court. d) To investigate prison and workhouses. e) To help with fixing the estimation of slaves who needed to purchase their opportunity. These obligations were demanding and prompted the demise of numerous SMs who were not acquainted with tropical conditions and couldn't manage the cost of the significant expense of clinical treatment. States of work Salary †? 300 for the main year at that point expanded to ? 450 for movement costs and lodging. There was no benefits for dependants if the SM passed on in administration. There was additionally no wiped out leave and he needed to take care of his own admission home on the off chance that he were excused or unavailable. These awful working conditions kept SMs from playing out their obligations agreeably and many were effectively paid off by grower. They were additionally overburdened by work since they were scarcely any in numbers. The individuals who attempted to perform their responsibilities were now and again abused. They were mishandled truly, verbally and in the press and they were frequently discouraged in the exhibition of their obligations as grower some of the time wouldn't permit them on the homes. Accomplishment of stipendiary judges a) They tuned in to grievances from the two sides and went about as a cushion among bosses and students. ) They educated disciples regarding their privileges; they didn't need to tune in to chatter or get data from papers. c) They helped disciples to arrange their lives better by offering guidance. In any case, they had almost no to plan plans to improve the social states of the disciples. They couldn't keep disciples from being rebuffed cruelly. Disciplines Apprentices were normally sent to the workhouse. Be that as it may, SMs had no power over what occurred there. The most well-known type of discipline in the workhouse was the treadmill. There was additionally the whipping post and understudies could be placed in reformatory packs. Females regularly had their heads shaved. Time lost in the workhouse must be reimbursed by the disciple by working for his lord during his leisure time. Techniques to control disciples on the bequests †¢ It was illicit for students to leave the home without composed authorization. †¢ Valuations on capable slaves were regularly expanded. †¢ High expenses were charged for the utilization of the business sectors and for licenses to work off the bequests as woodworkers, smithies, etc. These licenses and passes to sell in the business sectors could be pulled back. You read Enhancement and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 in class Papers Refusal of grower to give standard stipends. †¢ Finding shortcoming with apprentices’, work which must be done over in the apprentices’ available time. †¢ Locking up disciples on misleading allegations and dropping the charges be fore the appearance of the SM. †¢ Cutting down apprentices’ natural product trees and precluding them to claim animals. †¢ Spreading the 40 1/2 hours out of each week more than five days rather than four. †¢ Paying low wages, making out of line findings from compensation, paying wages late. The End of Apprenticeship finished for ALL understudies in 1838 on the grounds that: a) The framework was not accomplishing its points. ) The abolitionist subjection society uncovered the maltreatment in the framework and started to battle for full opportunity. c) The grower dreaded savagery if household disciples were liberated before field students. d) Some grower felt that it was less expensive not to need to accommodate students and just to utilize the quantity of workers they required. Note: Antigua conceded full opportunity to their slaves. The grower ruled against apprenticeship. The apprenticeship framework reached a conclusion in 1838 when the provincial governments in every state casted a ballot against its continuation. Nineteenth century movement (Part 1) Explanation behind movement 1. A lessening in the work power. With the finish of the apprenticeship framework in 1838, the grower not, at this point had a work power they could without much of a stretch control. Understudies had now picked up their opportunity and many were hesitant to work any whatsoever on the estate. In the littler regions, where the capacity to get to land was restricted and elective occupations were constrained, ex-slaves had no real option except to proceed with estate work. For instance, grower in Barbados and St Kitts had almost no trouble in getting to work in the post-Emancipation period. It was in the enormous domains, for example, Jamaica, British Guiana and Trinidad, that grower confronted such trouble and needed to go to movement conspires as an elective work source. The expectation was that movement would give a changeless wellspring of work for the manors. 2. An endeavor to stifle compensation. There was the expectation that migration would create rivalry for the ex-slaves thus help to hold compensation down. Ex-slaves requested sufficient compensation, yet the grower found that they could smother compensation in the event that they could present modest outside work. This, fundamentally, would decrease the interest intensity of the ex-slaves provided that they declined what was being offered, a worker was very ready to fill the position. Furthermore, if sugar creation was to proceed, a modest, effective and dependable wellspring of work must be found. Movement conspires THE EUROPEANS Due to a decrease in the white populace, grower looked for European outsiders to build the size of the white populace. It was trusted that Europeans would set a case of industry to ex-slaves and too in the end form into a working class. They would choose accessible land in the inside, along these lines compelling ex-slaves off the land and back to the ranches. Jamaica imported the biggest number. Europeans additionally went to Trinidad, British Guiana and St Kitts. These migrants were basically Scots, Irish, French and Germans. They were selected under an abundance framework. Issues with European Immigration Europeans were inadmissible as most kicked the bucket not long after they showed up. They kicked the bucket from tropical sicknesses, heat stroke and many drank themselves to death. They likewise wouldn't take a shot at the manors with blacks. Many requested to be sent home or relocated to the United States. Grower likewise neglected to gracefully legitimate food, sanctuary and clinical offices. THE PORTUGUESE In Madeira, laborers were paid

what am i doing

what am i doing I thought, since my last post was actually quite uninformative re:MIT facts and information, and instead I just blogged my feelings (which isn’t all bad, I suppose) today I could actually tell you what I’m doing this semester. 6.832 class. I had the most information about this in my last post actually, but to recap: Professor Russ Tedrake’s goal is to construct a paper airplane that he can throw from MIT and have it land accurately in Harvard Square. His lab has already made a paper airplane that can repeatedly land on a perch, the way birds do, and he is fascinated by the way passive mechanisms allow us to move about. For example, this robot falls down a ramp in a walking motion (no power, no motors, no electricity!) showing how purely mechanical designs can be efficient and effective. So, we should really be taking more advantage of that in roboticsa principle he impresses on students every Tuesday and Thursday in 6.832: Underactuated Robotics. Help I’m surrounded by grad students :O one of them actually works in the lab where I’m doing my thesiswe’ll get to that later! 21W.755 This past weekend, my homework assignment was to eavesdrop (or “carefully overhear”) some strangers’ conversation. On getting into an uber, I took detailed notes on a completely random person’s dramatic conversation about when she would turn 21 and be able to purchase alcohol, whilst complaining about a group of people that ruined the party they were coming from. I hoped they couldn’t see me typing all this into my phone. 21W.755: Reading and Writing Short Stories is an incredibly difficult class to get into. I almost didn’t, actually, but I suppose crossing my fingers and praying that seniority would work in my advantage helped. I also desperately needed to fulfill my HASS-Arts requirement (we’re required to take at least one each of Arts, Social Sciences, and Humanities designated courses) and so I’m glad that I’m in this class, both because I really wanted to take it and also because I need to graduate.^^; So why was I told to listen to a stranger’s conversation? Our professor, Shariann Lewitt, tells us to pay more attention to the world around us. Each class it’s something differenta smell, a sound, a texture or tactile feeling. This reminds me of something David Foster Wallace wrote, which I can’t for the life of me remember the title of the book or text, but he says essentially that writers are just incredibly thirsty observers (I believe his word was “nosy”), living for witnessing others’ moments. I hope I will become a better writer, and a better observer. I have quickly learned why the class was so full the first dayI’ve learned so much already. 21G.038 21G.038: China in the News: The Untold Stories was also slightly oversubscribed the first day, but I luckily got to whip out my Chinese minor privileges to stay in the course. I actually wasn’t sure what to expect for this class until the first day, but as it turns out, the course focuses on the politics of framing. This means, the politics of how the frame of some image (or writing, or film, etc.) is chosen. A frame is a “single story”, a single perspective on an issue. For China, the frame is often about communism and censorship and a generally negative filter, so it makes for a particularly good case study. We also discuss China-U.S. relations, and China’s own internal dialogues on various issues. I’m quite glad I chose to take this course, and I’m excited to learn more about the very modern Chinamy mother, having left in the ‘80s, is a bit more removed from the most recent developments. 2.THU This is the first year I’m taking only one technical course and two humanities courses. That’s because 2.THU is not really a classit’s my thesis!!!!!!!!! This means I don’t have classes or anything usual for this ‘course’. Instead, I’m continuing my research in Professor Alberto Rodriguez’s lab this semester, the Manipulation and Mechanisms Laboratory at MIT, fondly nicknamed the MCube lab. I love working here, and I’ve been surprised how much my past experience as a UROP on the DCP team at the Media Lab has really helped (those two years paid off!!) Now that I’m a senior and a lot more experienced, I’ve been able to really be a part of the lab. I attend meetings and reading group (where we read journal papers covering related research) and I’m around enough that I can actually get to know everyone, which I’ve really enjoyed. I was even convinced to take 6.832 by another person in my lab, and we’re now in a study group together. I feel like I’ve been able to get a good taste of graduate school this way, which was my whole intent behind thesis-ing (as a 2A major, I’m not actually required to do one). ??????? So I’ve mostly been asked the question what are you doing in a different context lately: “what are you doing after graduation?” Let’s list the stressful questions college students face from beginning to end, why don’t we: Have you thought about where you’ll apply this year? So, where are you going to college? What are you going to major in? What are you doing this summer? What are you doing after graduation? I wasn’t stressed out about the first two, because my eyes were always set on MIT and I was fortunate enough to apply and get in early action. I was also pretty certain about my major when I enteredI was deciding between Course 6 and Course 2, mainly trying to decide which one was best for robotics, and then I picked 2A-Robotics (lol). Sophomore year I was a lil stressed about #4 because I thought I needed an internship, but I’m really glad, actually, that I didn’t get an internship that year. Instead, I traveled between 3 continents and 6 citiesa summer program in China in June, UROPing in Boston with a surprise stint at some Google warehouses for two weeks (wherein I drove a Toyota Forerunner in San Francisco and it was awful), and finishing up the Muti Water Project in Ethiopia in August. But #5 has been giving me nightmaresor it would, if I could manage to sleep at night. To clarify, I have some options now so I feel a lot better, but at least initially, it was really scary to hit senior spring and think about not having a job after graduation. I really should have been less freaked out, because I am fortunate in that after graduation I could always go home, spend time with the fam, and keep searching, or even do something random and apply to graduate school next fall if it came to that. But since I did not apply to grad school this fall (I want to work first) I was left with a feeling of real panic and (somewhat irrationally) fearing that I would be starving in June. The answer to that question is still basically: I don’t know yet, ask me in a few months. Infinite Jest     Chris and I and a few other students have been doing “Infinite Spring”, where we schedule reading sections of David Foster Wallace’s Infinite Jest with the goal of simply reading and finishing it. We also hold book-club-type meetings every Tuesday where people can get together and discuss if they want. This type of schedule is nice because for most people, including me, the deterrent to reading and especially finishing Infinite Jest is in large part because it is simply enormous (it’s 1000+ pages). I’ve enjoyed it so far, though I should say it is very strange and confusing in many places, and slightly surreal. But I enjoy having something to read after a long day (well I didn’t in like the first 60 pages, but it got more coherent and I do now!) I especially like how the book reflects some of my own feelings back to meas all books do, ultimately, but this one, partly about a high-pressure school, seems particularly apt. Its pictured next to another thing that I enjoyI got this leather travelers notebook with my initials stamped on it from Etsy :3 Running around campus/Boston Here are some pictures, just because: did u kno they have korean skincare products at some CVSs now :O (blogging about how I’ve gotten into skin care is on my to do list lol)   In building 14N, there’s a bunch of posters everywhere, lining the stairwells, the elevator, some parts of hallways. They are particularly aesthetically pleasing and/or funny here, as 14N houses the School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences       Did you know that in Walker Memorial (a building where we all take our exams) there is a bar? It is called the Muddy Charles Pub, and I had to look that up because everyone calls it just “the Muddy” and I actually forgot the real name lol. Anyway, instead of a normal wedge door stop, they prop their door open with a really old laptop and I think that’s hilarious. Also, as its open to the whole (of age) MIT community, this is not a good place to complain about professors or TAs, as my friend helpfully pointed out. My significant other and I went to see the Takashi Murakami exhibit at the MFA one of the Sundays of IAP. I enjoyed these colorful flowers~ Post Tagged #6.832 #photography

The Debate On Abortion And Abortion - 1490 Words

You hear of all these controversial issues floating around conversation. One that always catches my ear is the debate on abortion. Growing up in a republican household, and catholic for that matter, it was obvious that â€Å"pro-life† would be imprinted into my head. My whole family, not just my parents, are against abortion. Also going to church every Sunday and learning what my religion thought was right and wrong influenced me to believe that abortion was killing a life. Since I grew up with this influence I subconsciously thought that is what is right side of the argument to believe. I was always a strong believer in that an abortion was the killing of a human life and was morally wrong. All the way up until junior year in high school I actually considered myself an advocate of the term â€Å"pro-life.† As a growing teenager at the time I was looking for freedom. I couldn’t find it too much, but after taking numerous political classes I found myself in the mi ddle of the political spectrum. Not republican, similar to my family, but stuck between both parties. I found that with certain issues I was republican such as not wanting gun control and others I was democratic such as pro-choice. When it comes to the issue of pro-life or pro-choice I now find myself leaning the opposite direction of my previous beliefs. The reason I went from pro-life to pro-choice is because as I grew older I became more interested in politics and stared to look into highly debated issues. I know that IShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1063 Words   |  5 Pagesstand on abortion. By definition an abortion is the termination of a pregnancy and the expulsion of pregnancy tissue, including embryo, fetus, placenta, and membranes (Wicclair, Gosman 2005). In the recent years the debate on abortion has shifted to a different viewpoint that has reopened the conversation of abortion and has generated a healthy following for abortion control. The premise of abortion control is to implement community outreach programs that will help reduce the number of abortions. I feelRead MoreThe Debate On Abortion And Abortion1448 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion. This word leaves most people feeling uneasy after just saying it out loud. The discussion of abortion is continuously left open-ended with millions of opinions, arguments, and questions. Abortions occur every single day leaving potential fathers devastated or thrilled, leaving friends and families broken and distraught or in contrast, proud. More importantly, leaving the potential mother uncertain and even destroyed. But with abortion in mind, what is considered wrong and what is consideredRead MoreThe Debate Over Abortion On Abortion Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical debate has existed in America, there has been a strong tension between the ideologies of conservatism and liberalism. While there are numerous differences between the two ideologies, the core of each is expressed cle arly through the modern debate of abortion. The vision, ideals, and assumptions of each ideology can be identified through the way in which each ideology argues its position on abortion. The debate over abortion has been taking place since the 19th century. Abortions were legalRead MoreThe Debate About Abortion And Abortion1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe practice of abortion is an issue that has sparked controversy for many years. One of the initial problems that lead to the debate about abortion is the fact that, the definition of the term abortion varies from one field to another. The controversy arises because the language used to describe abortion â€Å"is a reflection of the societal beliefs of the people in that area† (McFarlane Meier 65). Generally, the World Health Organization defines abortion as induced or spontaneous termination of pregnancyRead MoreThe Abortion Debate2354 Words   |  10 PagesAdedayo Adeniyi November 13, 2008 Expository writing An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced. Abortion as a term most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages. Abortion has a long history and has been induced by various methodsRead MoreThe Debate Of Abortion And Abortion2390 Words   |  10 PagesThe subject of abortion is undeniably a difficult one to discuss. There are many different opinions and stances which could be taken, however, the question for Christians is just where they should stand on this matter. The issue is that if people (more specifically Christians) are not careful then they get caught up in the different stances, different questions, and different opinions. If this happens then they will not be able to make a firm standing against or fo r abortion while having facts toRead MoreThe Debate Over The Abortion Debate1097 Words   |  5 PagesIt is no surprise that the abortion debate has once again have brought into the mainstream focus this year. Yet, this time around the age old debate is now attacking organizations that offer such procedures, vilifying the entire organization for only one service it offers. This vilification has continuously gained momentum for ages, but it was the attack upon Planned Parenthood earlier this year that has brought the debate to head once again. Recently Pro-Life groups took up arms to destroy the organizationRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Debate874 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion There truly is not a more controversial or passionate debate as the one on abortion. This issue is completely unique due to the firm line between groups that support or are against it. Whichever side a person finds themselves on, usually for many reasons, it becomes a fierce and firm position that will not waiver. In this case I am glad that people are so passionate, a human life is at stake. This subject should bring great feelings and beliefs up. I would be completely sickened if abortionRead MoreThe Abortion Debate Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pages No matter where you stand on the issue, abortion is a highly debated topic in today’s society. In this essay I will examine both sides of the abortion issue. I will begin with a brief overview of the abortion debate, to include the morality of the situation. Next I will discuss the Pro-Life argument. Lastly I will look at the Pro-Choice view. In the final analysis I will show how utilitarianism, altruism, and situational ethical views apply to abortion. Having in mind the extreme controversy surroundingRead MoreAbortion : A Controversial Debate888 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is a highly debated and controversial topic within the United States. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. When you have an abortion, you decimate the life of a fetus in the womb prior to delivery. There were 5,013 abortions in the state of Oklahoma alone in 2013. In the same year, there were approximately, collectively in the United States, 983,000 total abortions performed. In addition, there have been almost 60 million abortions performed in the United States since

Italian Verbs Ascoltare Conjugations

Political Economy in the Asia Pacific Free Essays

string(135) " host country are followed, as well as continuing to meet the legal requirements of the home country \(Griffin Pustay, 2010, p\." The political economy of countries can be considered interdependent, as they influence each other and experience change simultaneously. This interdependency affects the level of economic wellbeing of countries, including the economic conditions and stability of a country. The political economy of a country encompasses the political, legal and economic systems influencing the country’s economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economy in the Asia Pacific or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jevons (1880) described political economy as the wealth of a country and the reasons contributing to differences in wealth between countries (p. 7). The political system of a country heavily influences the way in which a country operates, and often affects other countries that it actively deals with. Differing legal systems, laws and regulations of countries can also impact other countries. Similarly, the economic systems and changes in a country’s economic position can impact other countries, and at times, their economic wellbeing. Whilst the political, legal and economic systems of some countries are interdependent, disruptions to interdependency must also be considered when assessing those countries’ reliance on each other. Several factors can hinder their interdependency, including comparative advantage not being followed, a strong focus on regionalism and inefficient free trade agreements. Political decisions imposed by Governments can affect the political economy and often the wellbeing of countries. Government decisions, including laws and policies, affect society as a whole (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2011, p. 236). There are two main forms of political systems: democracy and totalitarianism. Democracy is a system where the citizens govern the country through their elected representatives (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 245). Examples of democratic countries in the Asia Pacific business region include Australia and Thailand (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2008) (U. S Department of State, n. d. ). Totalitarianism refers to a system where one person or political party has control over all citizens, restricting political freedom (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 245). Totalitarianism is seen in China and North Korea (Jianming, 2010, p. 2) (Lim, 2009, p. 10-114). These differing political systems can affect economic relations between countries. An example of this is the view that democratic countries are more willing to trade and participate in international business with other democracies, than with totalitarianism countries. Democracies share similar values and laws on intellectual property rights. It is also believed that peace is more prevalent in democracies, enabling a higher e ase of trade (Rosendorff, P. 2000). We see this in Australia’s preference for trade with the US rather than with China. In September 2010, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade reported that Australia had an ‘economic relationship’ (measured on trade in commodities, services and two-way investment) with the US worth over AUD$860 billion, compared to less than AUD$100 billion with China. The strength of the economic relationship between Australia and the US is believed to relate to each countries’ strong democratic values and from the US and Australia being strong allies, due to similar political practices (Sheridan, 2011). The varying political decisions and policies made by Governments can also impact other countries. With globalisation being so prominent today, the interdependency of a country’s political decisions is apparent. Globalisation dramatically increased after World War II, with many of the worlds’ major trading countries lowering trade barriers, including tariffs and quotas, after years of favoring local industries (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 38). According to Friedman (2000) globalisation is defined as ‘the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies†¦in a way that enables individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before’ (p. ). This integration of economies suggests that Government decisions affect the economic wellbeing of other countries. An example of this is the recent temporary ban of live cattle exports by the Gillard Government in Australia, in response to perceived animal cruelty towards Australian cattle in Indonesian abattoirs. David Farley, CEO o f the Australian Agricultural Company, Australia’s largest beef company, reported that the ban cost the company up to AUD$8 million. He also stated that Australia’s reputation in the international trading market was damaged by the temporary ban (O’Brien, 2012). The political decision to temporarily ban live exports to Indonesia caused financial loss for the Australian cattle industry and affected Australia’s political relations with Indonesia, with the Indonesian Government stopping imports of live cattle from Australia in December. Bayu Krisnamurthi, the Deputy Agriculture Minister of Indonesia, commented that Australia had discriminated against Indonesia by imposing new standards of animal welfare, as the same standards were not imposed on other countries importing live cattle. He threatened to file a claim with the World Trade Organization if discrimination occurred (Vasek AAP, 2011). Whilst live exports to Indonesia has resumed, their imports are down by 50 percent and relations between Australia and Indonesia are affected. The incident damaged Australia’s economy and forced beef prices to rise in Indonesian markets (Nirmala, 2012). This illustrates the interdependency of Australia and Indonesia, with disruptions to trade affecting the political economy of both countries. It is evident that the political risk of Australia and Indonesia has increased. Political risk is the likelihood of political groups (Government and non-government groups) causing changes in a country’s ability to successfully participate in business activities, which may affect profits and goals of local and international businesses (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 266). Animals Australia and the Gillard Government both contributed to the live cattle export ban (Animals Australia, 2011), which in turn affected the profits of Australian beef companies. Businesses in the beef industry (or similar) may re-consider business dealings with Australian beef companies as they re-assess the political risk of trading with Australia. This may also result in Australia seeking markets elsewhere to sustain a profitable beef industry. As Governments implement differing political systems and decisions, other countries are affected, often in an unfavorable way. The differing legal systems between countries can impact dealings between countries and international businesses. The legal system of a country reflects the rules and laws imposed to manage society and behavior (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 253). A firm conducting business in a foreign country must ensure the laws of the host country are followed, as well as continuing to meet the legal requirements of the home country (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. You read "Political Economy in the Asia Pacific" in category "Papers" 78). Four main legal systems are prominent today: common law, civil law, religious law and bureaucratic law (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Common law is present in many countries is the Asia Pacific business region, including Australia, India, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Malaysia. Common law is based on judges’ decisions, creating legal precedents which assist in creating new laws and making future judgments (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Civil law is a legal system based on laws that have been set in a code system. It is different to common law, as judges do not have flexibility to interpret the law as the laws are already prescribed in the code system. Civil law is currently present is Japan (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 254). Religious law, or theocratic law, is a legal system that is based on the rules of a particular religion. Religious law is not common in the Asia Pacific region (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Bureaucratic law is a legal system where decisions are made by the country’s bureaucrats, often without taking the laws of the country into consideration. Communism and other forms of dictatorships are regularly compared to bureaucratic law. China is an example of a country where bureaucratic law is imposed (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 81). It is apparent there are strong differences between the legal systems of countries in the Asia Pacific, which can affect businesses operating internationally. For example, in a recently merged Australian and Chinese company, King Wood Mallesons, Stuart Fuller, the company’s chief executive, stated that China’s Ministry of Justice requirement for all lawyers to pledge allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party will not affect the company’s business dealings or clients (Sainsbury, 2012). However, this could affect lawyers who have not previously worked under the Chinese Communist Party, as they are pledging to uphold communist laws, which differ from Australian laws and values. This could also affect the perception of the company by international clients, whose values may differ from that of the Chinese Communist Party. Hence, it is evident that differing legal systems potentially influence operations between international businesses. New laws can also influence business dealings between countries. Indian companies have expressed concerns over the Australian carbon and mining taxes that are set to be implemented in 2012. Naveen Jindal, Indian parliamentarian and head of Jindal Steel and Power, believes the taxes will deter Indian companies from investing in Australian mining (and similar) companies. He stated, â€Å"The carbon tax is as much of a concern to Indian companies as it is to Australian companies† (Doherty Ker, 2012). Thus tax laws in one country can also affect another country’s economy, with a potential loss of investment opportunities and profits for both parties. It can also be seen that while a law designed for one purpose (in this case, the taxes are to help stop climate change) (Clean Energy Future, 2012) it can ultimately affect another area of a country’s economy – in this case, foreign investment. There have been circumstances where legal requirements imposed for one purpose have actually been seen as an ‘excuse’ for deterring trade or investment. In 2009, the Malaysian Palm Oil Council, on behalf of the biggest palm oil producers in the world — Malaysia and Indonesia – filed a case against the European Union (EU) for introducing sustainability criteria for palm oil imports. The Council believed that the criteria was actually a barrier to the trade of biofuel, based on the EU wanting to continue support for home-grown rapeseed oil, currently subsidised by the EU (Junginger, Dam, Zarrilli, Mohamed, Marchal Faaij, 2011, p. 028-2042). It can be recognised that the EU may have been wishing to protect the home industry and jobs, which generally results in increased costs for consumers (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 109). In disguising the true intentions of laws, a country’s trading relationships can be affected. Thus differing legal systems, laws and re quirements can affect, and often hinder the progress, of international business dealings. The economic position of one country can impact other countries and international businesses. Economic systems can be described as the system by which a country organises how and what should be produced, whom to produce for and how funds should be distributed (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 203). There are three main economic systems: market economies, command economies and mixed economies. A market economy is when production activities are privately owned, and the quantity to be produced is based on supply and demand and is determined by an individual or business for profit making purposes (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 304). In a command economy, the Government determines what goods and services are sold, the prices that items are sold for and the quantities to be produced (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 304). A mixed economy is a combination of both market and command economies, with both private and state ownership controlling the production of goods and services (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 305). It is believed that a country’s economic system directly relates to its’ economic development and wellbeing and some argue that market economies provide greater opportunities for economic development and growth, hence creating a stronger economy (Hill et al. 2011, p. 306-307). This can be seen when comparing Malaysia and Singapore as the country’s systems greatly differ. When the ASEAN and China agreement was put into effect in January 2010, the Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia (ACCCIM) called for a limit of 10 percent in annual growth of the amount of imports from Chin a. This was due to protection of Malay’s as manufacturers found it difficult to compete against cheap Chinese products (Ng, F. , 2010). This shows Malaysia’s economic system reflects command economy characteristics, as there is control over what is imported, which in turn could limit profits due to restrictions. Singapore is evidently more of a market economy. Singapore is considered a very ‘open’ country in relation to trade, therefore depending on international trade (Global Trade, 2012). The World Bank has stated that Singapore is the easiest country to conduct business with, with the openness of trade and aim to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) being contributing factors (The World Bank, 2009). Since signing a free trade agreement with the US, Singapore has imposed competition laws that restrict anti-competitive regulations. The Ministry of Trade and Industry in Singapore stated that by encouraging competition, they would be able to encourage the ‘efficient functioning of the markets’. This move resulted in foreign lawyers and barristers to pursue work opportunities in Singapore (Sawyer, D. , 2006). By comparing Singapore and Malaysia, it can be viewed that market economies (such as Singapore) have greater potential for economic growth. Currency fluctuations can affect countries with interdependent economies when a change in the value of one currency affects other currencies. Indonesia’s economy was considered to be competitively growing from 1966 – 2007, based on the country’s commitment to lowering poverty through rural development and increased production in the rice industry. However, the Asian Financial Crisis from 1997-2000 caused poverty in Indonesia to rise, while GDP drastically decreased (Fatah, Othman Abdullah, 2012, p. 291-299). The high economic growth of Asian countries directly contributed to the crisis, mainly through an increase in investment, excess capacity, high levels of debt and increased imports. As borrowing and investments grew, companies were unable to service their debts (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 176). When the Thai Baht fell by 55 percent in 1998, other Asian currencies were deeply affected, including the Indonesian rupiah, which decreased 76 percent in 6 months. The decline of the Indonesian economy forced the Government to accept a loan of US$37 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Hill et al. , 2011, p. 177). The consequences of rapidly expanding Asian economies and the impact of decreasing currencies on each country was evident during the Asian Financial Crisis. The economic interdependency between countries had a negative impact on other economies, affecting their economic wellbeing as their economic position declined. Although the political economy of countries is generally interdependent, there are factors that deter interdependency from completely occurring. For interdependency to function best, comparative advantage should be allowed to operate. David Ricardo developed the theory of comparative advantage in the 19th century and suggested that a country should produce and export goods and services that it is relatively more productive at producing than other countries, and import goods and services that are more productively made by other countries (Ricardo, 1817). Through their comparative advantage, countries benefit economically from participating in trade. This also suggests that free and open trade between countries is positive for economic progression (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 65). However, this theory is not always practised since Government political decisions can prevent its effectiveness. On 22 March, 2012 automaker Holden received a AUD$275 million government subsidy to continue to operate its Australian factories, in order to maintain jobs (Straits Times, 2012). According to Chris Berg, â€Å"Less than half of one per cent of the labour force works for the car industry and car manufacturers are not particularly central to the economic structure, cars are not†¦hard to buy from overseas and their manufacturing is not particularly high-tech† (Berg, 2012). Thus Australia is not following comparative advantage in the car manufacturing industry, with the reliance of Government subsidies helping to continue production and maintain jobs. This can be compared to Thailand, with car manufacturing production hugely increasing due to low labour costs (Bangkok Post, 2011). As export demand has increased, production has increased, with an 11 percent rise in the last year (Bangkok Post, 2012). Surapong Paisittanapong, spokesperson of the Automotive Industry Club under the Federation of Thai Industries (FTI), commented, â€Å"We’re confident that total auto production this year will reach 2. million units† (Viboonchart, 2012). Perhaps Australia ought to increase its imports from Thai car manufacturers rather than providing subsidies to Australian companies, assuming Thai cars are cheaper than the overall cost of producing an Australian car. Although countries can be seen as interdependent, barriers are often imposed to protect local i ndustries and jobs, discouraging the comparative advantage theory and potentially affecting economic progression and wellbeing. Another factor that contributes to countries not reaching full interdependency is the focus on regionalism. Regionalism is a method of opening trade amongst neighboring countries and is viewed positively as not only extending markets to neighboring countries, but as strengthening regional security and delaying globalisation. By forming close regional communities, countries can form trade agreements and other mechanisms that protect the region from the threats of globalisation, and still prosper economically through increased local business between countries in the region (Moshirian, 2009, p. 2-8). However, this push for regionalism may be obscuring some Asian countries’ economy’s ability to achieve higher profits, as the countries are still heavily reliant on other countries in different regions. We see this in the ASEAN official data release 2010, which shows that Singapore still exports 27. 97 percent of its’ total exports to countries in the EU (ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF), 2010). This reliance demonstrates that partner countries are often unable to consume each other’s goods and therefore must export goods to other markets, outside of their own region. Whilst regionalism is still a form of interdependency between countries, the focus is on increasing business between neighbouring countries rather than all countries. Another exception to the interdependency of countries is when free trade agreements (FTA) are not efficient. The increase in free trade agreements since the end of the cold war across the world, predominantly in the Asia-Pacific, suggests countries depend on each other’s business for economic growth (Suominen, 2009). The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) began as a forum in 1989, before becoming a regional trade agreement (RTA) in 1993. APEC’s main goal is to establish free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific (APEC, 2012). However, trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific region have favored the manufacturing sector, with low tariffs and more freedom to trade, as compared to the agriculture sector, which has seen a high degree of protectionism from Governments in order to protect industry and jobs. This suggests that APEC’s goal is not entirely being reached (Suominen, 2009). Whilst FTA’s are effective in theory, Government intervention suggests that complete free trade is not apparent, thus obstructing the interdependency of countries to a certain extent. It is evident the interdependency of countries can be attributed to the political economy, that is, the political, legal and economic systems and position, of a country. Decisions made by Governments often affect other countries, and at times have adverse implications. A country’s legal system can both restrict and open up opportunities for other countries. Growing regionalism in areas such as Asia means there are closer economic ties between countries in the immediate region. The fluctuating strength of one economy can affect its regional partners, particularly in relation to currencies and interest rates. Whilst there are clearly benefits to be gained from a strong interdependency and reliance on other countries, there are also factors that hinder complete interdependency. When countries do not follow comparative advantage, or engage in inefficient free trade agreements, some of the potential benefits of interdependency can be lost. Often governments interfere in markets for their own political, legal and economic reasons, and the perceived opportunities that should flow from regionalism and other frameworks such as FTA’s are not realised. How to cite Political Economy in the Asia Pacific, Papers

Political Economy in the Asia Pacific Free Essays

string(135) " host country are followed, as well as continuing to meet the legal requirements of the home country \(Griffin Pustay, 2010, p\." The political economy of countries can be considered interdependent, as they influence each other and experience change simultaneously. This interdependency affects the level of economic wellbeing of countries, including the economic conditions and stability of a country. The political economy of a country encompasses the political, legal and economic systems influencing the country’s economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Economy in the Asia Pacific or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jevons (1880) described political economy as the wealth of a country and the reasons contributing to differences in wealth between countries (p. 7). The political system of a country heavily influences the way in which a country operates, and often affects other countries that it actively deals with. Differing legal systems, laws and regulations of countries can also impact other countries. Similarly, the economic systems and changes in a country’s economic position can impact other countries, and at times, their economic wellbeing. Whilst the political, legal and economic systems of some countries are interdependent, disruptions to interdependency must also be considered when assessing those countries’ reliance on each other. Several factors can hinder their interdependency, including comparative advantage not being followed, a strong focus on regionalism and inefficient free trade agreements. Political decisions imposed by Governments can affect the political economy and often the wellbeing of countries. Government decisions, including laws and policies, affect society as a whole (Hill, Cronk, Wickramasekera, 2011, p. 236). There are two main forms of political systems: democracy and totalitarianism. Democracy is a system where the citizens govern the country through their elected representatives (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 245). Examples of democratic countries in the Asia Pacific business region include Australia and Thailand (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2008) (U. S Department of State, n. d. ). Totalitarianism refers to a system where one person or political party has control over all citizens, restricting political freedom (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 245). Totalitarianism is seen in China and North Korea (Jianming, 2010, p. 2) (Lim, 2009, p. 10-114). These differing political systems can affect economic relations between countries. An example of this is the view that democratic countries are more willing to trade and participate in international business with other democracies, than with totalitarianism countries. Democracies share similar values and laws on intellectual property rights. It is also believed that peace is more prevalent in democracies, enabling a higher e ase of trade (Rosendorff, P. 2000). We see this in Australia’s preference for trade with the US rather than with China. In September 2010, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade reported that Australia had an ‘economic relationship’ (measured on trade in commodities, services and two-way investment) with the US worth over AUD$860 billion, compared to less than AUD$100 billion with China. The strength of the economic relationship between Australia and the US is believed to relate to each countries’ strong democratic values and from the US and Australia being strong allies, due to similar political practices (Sheridan, 2011). The varying political decisions and policies made by Governments can also impact other countries. With globalisation being so prominent today, the interdependency of a country’s political decisions is apparent. Globalisation dramatically increased after World War II, with many of the worlds’ major trading countries lowering trade barriers, including tariffs and quotas, after years of favoring local industries (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 38). According to Friedman (2000) globalisation is defined as ‘the inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies†¦in a way that enables individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before’ (p. ). This integration of economies suggests that Government decisions affect the economic wellbeing of other countries. An example of this is the recent temporary ban of live cattle exports by the Gillard Government in Australia, in response to perceived animal cruelty towards Australian cattle in Indonesian abattoirs. David Farley, CEO o f the Australian Agricultural Company, Australia’s largest beef company, reported that the ban cost the company up to AUD$8 million. He also stated that Australia’s reputation in the international trading market was damaged by the temporary ban (O’Brien, 2012). The political decision to temporarily ban live exports to Indonesia caused financial loss for the Australian cattle industry and affected Australia’s political relations with Indonesia, with the Indonesian Government stopping imports of live cattle from Australia in December. Bayu Krisnamurthi, the Deputy Agriculture Minister of Indonesia, commented that Australia had discriminated against Indonesia by imposing new standards of animal welfare, as the same standards were not imposed on other countries importing live cattle. He threatened to file a claim with the World Trade Organization if discrimination occurred (Vasek AAP, 2011). Whilst live exports to Indonesia has resumed, their imports are down by 50 percent and relations between Australia and Indonesia are affected. The incident damaged Australia’s economy and forced beef prices to rise in Indonesian markets (Nirmala, 2012). This illustrates the interdependency of Australia and Indonesia, with disruptions to trade affecting the political economy of both countries. It is evident that the political risk of Australia and Indonesia has increased. Political risk is the likelihood of political groups (Government and non-government groups) causing changes in a country’s ability to successfully participate in business activities, which may affect profits and goals of local and international businesses (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 266). Animals Australia and the Gillard Government both contributed to the live cattle export ban (Animals Australia, 2011), which in turn affected the profits of Australian beef companies. Businesses in the beef industry (or similar) may re-consider business dealings with Australian beef companies as they re-assess the political risk of trading with Australia. This may also result in Australia seeking markets elsewhere to sustain a profitable beef industry. As Governments implement differing political systems and decisions, other countries are affected, often in an unfavorable way. The differing legal systems between countries can impact dealings between countries and international businesses. The legal system of a country reflects the rules and laws imposed to manage society and behavior (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 253). A firm conducting business in a foreign country must ensure the laws of the host country are followed, as well as continuing to meet the legal requirements of the home country (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. You read "Political Economy in the Asia Pacific" in category "Papers" 78). Four main legal systems are prominent today: common law, civil law, religious law and bureaucratic law (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Common law is present in many countries is the Asia Pacific business region, including Australia, India, New Zealand, Hong Kong and Malaysia. Common law is based on judges’ decisions, creating legal precedents which assist in creating new laws and making future judgments (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Civil law is a legal system based on laws that have been set in a code system. It is different to common law, as judges do not have flexibility to interpret the law as the laws are already prescribed in the code system. Civil law is currently present is Japan (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 254). Religious law, or theocratic law, is a legal system that is based on the rules of a particular religion. Religious law is not common in the Asia Pacific region (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 79). Bureaucratic law is a legal system where decisions are made by the country’s bureaucrats, often without taking the laws of the country into consideration. Communism and other forms of dictatorships are regularly compared to bureaucratic law. China is an example of a country where bureaucratic law is imposed (Griffin Pustay, 2010, p. 81). It is apparent there are strong differences between the legal systems of countries in the Asia Pacific, which can affect businesses operating internationally. For example, in a recently merged Australian and Chinese company, King Wood Mallesons, Stuart Fuller, the company’s chief executive, stated that China’s Ministry of Justice requirement for all lawyers to pledge allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party will not affect the company’s business dealings or clients (Sainsbury, 2012). However, this could affect lawyers who have not previously worked under the Chinese Communist Party, as they are pledging to uphold communist laws, which differ from Australian laws and values. This could also affect the perception of the company by international clients, whose values may differ from that of the Chinese Communist Party. Hence, it is evident that differing legal systems potentially influence operations between international businesses. New laws can also influence business dealings between countries. Indian companies have expressed concerns over the Australian carbon and mining taxes that are set to be implemented in 2012. Naveen Jindal, Indian parliamentarian and head of Jindal Steel and Power, believes the taxes will deter Indian companies from investing in Australian mining (and similar) companies. He stated, â€Å"The carbon tax is as much of a concern to Indian companies as it is to Australian companies† (Doherty Ker, 2012). Thus tax laws in one country can also affect another country’s economy, with a potential loss of investment opportunities and profits for both parties. It can also be seen that while a law designed for one purpose (in this case, the taxes are to help stop climate change) (Clean Energy Future, 2012) it can ultimately affect another area of a country’s economy – in this case, foreign investment. There have been circumstances where legal requirements imposed for one purpose have actually been seen as an ‘excuse’ for deterring trade or investment. In 2009, the Malaysian Palm Oil Council, on behalf of the biggest palm oil producers in the world — Malaysia and Indonesia – filed a case against the European Union (EU) for introducing sustainability criteria for palm oil imports. The Council believed that the criteria was actually a barrier to the trade of biofuel, based on the EU wanting to continue support for home-grown rapeseed oil, currently subsidised by the EU (Junginger, Dam, Zarrilli, Mohamed, Marchal Faaij, 2011, p. 028-2042). It can be recognised that the EU may have been wishing to protect the home industry and jobs, which generally results in increased costs for consumers (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 109). In disguising the true intentions of laws, a country’s trading relationships can be affected. Thus differing legal systems, laws and re quirements can affect, and often hinder the progress, of international business dealings. The economic position of one country can impact other countries and international businesses. Economic systems can be described as the system by which a country organises how and what should be produced, whom to produce for and how funds should be distributed (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 203). There are three main economic systems: market economies, command economies and mixed economies. A market economy is when production activities are privately owned, and the quantity to be produced is based on supply and demand and is determined by an individual or business for profit making purposes (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 304). In a command economy, the Government determines what goods and services are sold, the prices that items are sold for and the quantities to be produced (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 304). A mixed economy is a combination of both market and command economies, with both private and state ownership controlling the production of goods and services (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 305). It is believed that a country’s economic system directly relates to its’ economic development and wellbeing and some argue that market economies provide greater opportunities for economic development and growth, hence creating a stronger economy (Hill et al. 2011, p. 306-307). This can be seen when comparing Malaysia and Singapore as the country’s systems greatly differ. When the ASEAN and China agreement was put into effect in January 2010, the Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Malaysia (ACCCIM) called for a limit of 10 percent in annual growth of the amount of imports from Chin a. This was due to protection of Malay’s as manufacturers found it difficult to compete against cheap Chinese products (Ng, F. , 2010). This shows Malaysia’s economic system reflects command economy characteristics, as there is control over what is imported, which in turn could limit profits due to restrictions. Singapore is evidently more of a market economy. Singapore is considered a very ‘open’ country in relation to trade, therefore depending on international trade (Global Trade, 2012). The World Bank has stated that Singapore is the easiest country to conduct business with, with the openness of trade and aim to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) being contributing factors (The World Bank, 2009). Since signing a free trade agreement with the US, Singapore has imposed competition laws that restrict anti-competitive regulations. The Ministry of Trade and Industry in Singapore stated that by encouraging competition, they would be able to encourage the ‘efficient functioning of the markets’. This move resulted in foreign lawyers and barristers to pursue work opportunities in Singapore (Sawyer, D. , 2006). By comparing Singapore and Malaysia, it can be viewed that market economies (such as Singapore) have greater potential for economic growth. Currency fluctuations can affect countries with interdependent economies when a change in the value of one currency affects other currencies. Indonesia’s economy was considered to be competitively growing from 1966 – 2007, based on the country’s commitment to lowering poverty through rural development and increased production in the rice industry. However, the Asian Financial Crisis from 1997-2000 caused poverty in Indonesia to rise, while GDP drastically decreased (Fatah, Othman Abdullah, 2012, p. 291-299). The high economic growth of Asian countries directly contributed to the crisis, mainly through an increase in investment, excess capacity, high levels of debt and increased imports. As borrowing and investments grew, companies were unable to service their debts (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 176). When the Thai Baht fell by 55 percent in 1998, other Asian currencies were deeply affected, including the Indonesian rupiah, which decreased 76 percent in 6 months. The decline of the Indonesian economy forced the Government to accept a loan of US$37 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Hill et al. , 2011, p. 177). The consequences of rapidly expanding Asian economies and the impact of decreasing currencies on each country was evident during the Asian Financial Crisis. The economic interdependency between countries had a negative impact on other economies, affecting their economic wellbeing as their economic position declined. Although the political economy of countries is generally interdependent, there are factors that deter interdependency from completely occurring. For interdependency to function best, comparative advantage should be allowed to operate. David Ricardo developed the theory of comparative advantage in the 19th century and suggested that a country should produce and export goods and services that it is relatively more productive at producing than other countries, and import goods and services that are more productively made by other countries (Ricardo, 1817). Through their comparative advantage, countries benefit economically from participating in trade. This also suggests that free and open trade between countries is positive for economic progression (Hill et al. , 2011, p. 65). However, this theory is not always practised since Government political decisions can prevent its effectiveness. On 22 March, 2012 automaker Holden received a AUD$275 million government subsidy to continue to operate its Australian factories, in order to maintain jobs (Straits Times, 2012). According to Chris Berg, â€Å"Less than half of one per cent of the labour force works for the car industry and car manufacturers are not particularly central to the economic structure, cars are not†¦hard to buy from overseas and their manufacturing is not particularly high-tech† (Berg, 2012). Thus Australia is not following comparative advantage in the car manufacturing industry, with the reliance of Government subsidies helping to continue production and maintain jobs. This can be compared to Thailand, with car manufacturing production hugely increasing due to low labour costs (Bangkok Post, 2011). As export demand has increased, production has increased, with an 11 percent rise in the last year (Bangkok Post, 2012). Surapong Paisittanapong, spokesperson of the Automotive Industry Club under the Federation of Thai Industries (FTI), commented, â€Å"We’re confident that total auto production this year will reach 2. million units† (Viboonchart, 2012). Perhaps Australia ought to increase its imports from Thai car manufacturers rather than providing subsidies to Australian companies, assuming Thai cars are cheaper than the overall cost of producing an Australian car. Although countries can be seen as interdependent, barriers are often imposed to protect local i ndustries and jobs, discouraging the comparative advantage theory and potentially affecting economic progression and wellbeing. Another factor that contributes to countries not reaching full interdependency is the focus on regionalism. Regionalism is a method of opening trade amongst neighboring countries and is viewed positively as not only extending markets to neighboring countries, but as strengthening regional security and delaying globalisation. By forming close regional communities, countries can form trade agreements and other mechanisms that protect the region from the threats of globalisation, and still prosper economically through increased local business between countries in the region (Moshirian, 2009, p. 2-8). However, this push for regionalism may be obscuring some Asian countries’ economy’s ability to achieve higher profits, as the countries are still heavily reliant on other countries in different regions. We see this in the ASEAN official data release 2010, which shows that Singapore still exports 27. 97 percent of its’ total exports to countries in the EU (ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF), 2010). This reliance demonstrates that partner countries are often unable to consume each other’s goods and therefore must export goods to other markets, outside of their own region. Whilst regionalism is still a form of interdependency between countries, the focus is on increasing business between neighbouring countries rather than all countries. Another exception to the interdependency of countries is when free trade agreements (FTA) are not efficient. The increase in free trade agreements since the end of the cold war across the world, predominantly in the Asia-Pacific, suggests countries depend on each other’s business for economic growth (Suominen, 2009). The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) began as a forum in 1989, before becoming a regional trade agreement (RTA) in 1993. APEC’s main goal is to establish free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific (APEC, 2012). However, trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific region have favored the manufacturing sector, with low tariffs and more freedom to trade, as compared to the agriculture sector, which has seen a high degree of protectionism from Governments in order to protect industry and jobs. This suggests that APEC’s goal is not entirely being reached (Suominen, 2009). Whilst FTA’s are effective in theory, Government intervention suggests that complete free trade is not apparent, thus obstructing the interdependency of countries to a certain extent. It is evident the interdependency of countries can be attributed to the political economy, that is, the political, legal and economic systems and position, of a country. Decisions made by Governments often affect other countries, and at times have adverse implications. A country’s legal system can both restrict and open up opportunities for other countries. Growing regionalism in areas such as Asia means there are closer economic ties between countries in the immediate region. The fluctuating strength of one economy can affect its regional partners, particularly in relation to currencies and interest rates. Whilst there are clearly benefits to be gained from a strong interdependency and reliance on other countries, there are also factors that hinder complete interdependency. When countries do not follow comparative advantage, or engage in inefficient free trade agreements, some of the potential benefits of interdependency can be lost. Often governments interfere in markets for their own political, legal and economic reasons, and the perceived opportunities that should flow from regionalism and other frameworks such as FTA’s are not realised. How to cite Political Economy in the Asia Pacific, Papers

Cosi Lewis Changes by Directing the Play free essay sample

How are ideas about betrayal and loyalty explored through the structure of the play- within-a-play? The most obvious structural feature is the play-within-a-play, which highlights the parallels between the characters and themes in Mozart opera, and those in Anoraks play. Both the opera and play revolve around issues of loyalty, fidelity and betrayal. The backdrop of war is also a significant feature of both texts: the Vietnam War In the sass (In Coos) and the Albanian battle for Independence from the Ottoman Empire ;n 1790 on coos Fan Tutee).Wars also involve loyalties and betrayals, and their chaos on a grand scale underscores the chaos in the lives of the characters in the opera and the play. (Sue Sherman : English for Year 12) ;According to Mozart Coos Fan Tutee, the issue of fidelity is depicted to be an ideal that is never achieved. ;Since Women are like that the interpretation of coos fan tutee, Mozart encouraged the belief that men should simply accept women are indeed disloyal In relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Cosi: Lewis Changes by Directing the Play or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Narrow illustrates this same idea about women and infidelity through Lewis and Lullys relationship.While Lucy is Sleeping with Lewis, she is also having sex; with Nick. When Lewis discovers Lullys betrayal, she waves aside his shock. Defending that it is not as if were married. The revelation does indeed prove that Coos Fan Tutee is correct In stating that, Womans constancy Is like the Arabian Phoenix. Everyone swears It exists, but no one has seen It. ;Although the women in both Coos Fan Tutee and Coos are shown to be unfaithful, so are the men. While the men in Coos Fan Tutee do not actively participate in adultery, they do fabricate their departure to the war and also disguise themselves as Albanians. Their deception is also a betrayal to their wives. Meanwhile, Don Alfonse manipulates everyone. As seen In Coos, Lewis Is unfaithful to Lucy as he kisses Julie during rehearsals. ;Julie later reveals that she has a girlfriend who she would prefer to be with, confirming that both men and women are unfaithful in relationships. (source: VICE Study Guides) Women are never true. Women like to pretend they dont play around, but theyre Just more secretive about it. They dont brag about it like men. Women are flesh and blood too. l dont like mens double standards. Womens constancy is like the Phoenix of Arabia.Everyone swears it exists, but no one has seen it. Irony in the fact that Henry plays the part of Don Alfonse in Coos Fan Tutee as Henry firmly believes in truth and fidelity whereas Don Alfonse is cynical about it. This Coos condones the corruption of innocence. Omen are told to be tramps. Free love. Whether women can remain true is a tragedy. Dont insult those pure men. Theyre models of fidelity and perfect love. (Coos Fan Tutee) Only mad people in this day and age would do a Nor about love and infidelity. Lewis and Julie kiss demonstrating that men too can be unfaithful.In a way, Nick is also unfaithful in his friendship with Lewis. Mimi have enemies for life, but never lovers. Everyone blames women, but I forgive them. If they change their love a thousand times a day, some call it sin, others a drug, but I think its the necessity of womens hearts. Thats how men want us to be even though theyre not true and faithful themselves. Wagner foreshadows what is going to happen to the couples in the future. A life of torment and adultery. Nick Justifies his infidelity with were mates, arent we? Nick and Lucy didnt last long as both were not into love and fidelity.

Social network communication

Social media platform With the current developments in scientific innovations and inventions, there are new ways of communicating, interacting and passing information. Social networks have been used by companies, individuals and in some place the government to share and pass information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social network communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main reason that has lead to the growth in social media networks is the cost associated and their effectiveness. When something has been posted over the social media, it can easily spread to the intended people. According to Dasf, in modern computerized world, people seem to be more connected to their electronic gadgets that they interact face to face. I have an account with Facebook; this is the account that I use to communicate with my friend, pass information to the world and meet new friends. Regularly, I update my account with w hat I feel should be discussed or I should get views of different people; sometimes it may be a joke and others some serious stuffs. Dasf is of the opinion that new relationships and friendships are developing and growing into new heights through social networks. When I am updating the site and commenting on other peoples posts, I am balancing my online life and offline life; it is worth noting that the site can be â€Å"addictive,† thus I have to ensure that I have budgeted my time wisely that it does not spend my working and reading time (Danah, â€Å"White Flight in Networked Public†). Facebook comments and updates can be accessed to a number of people; the site offers some linkage from one person to another; however to maintain my privacy and shape my public image, I ensure that I post things that are ethically and morally acceptable. They are things that might be happening in the social networks but the way I put the matter in the form of language and tone of the posting is to ensure that I give my opinion and it portrays my high values and respect to other peoples opinions’. On the other hand, my social network site has offered security platform adjustments. A link that allows me to limit the number of people who can see my profile; for example, I have ensured that only my friends have an access to my private information. I also vet my friends before upgrading them to the level of friends who can see my profile.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dana Boyd is of the opinion that despite the invention of social networks across space, time and geographical areas, then, â€Å"Privacy Is Not Dead,† people can still initiate policies that facilitate privacy and limit the access of private information. The approach that Facebook has taken is one that caters for the needs of all people in the community as well as companies are using the site to advertise their products and promote their works through the sites. However, the community that I interact with are the young people who include my classmates, friends both domestics and those living in the Diaspora, and I am a member of some social groups formed within the social network. The people and the kind of posts that are present in my site can be referred to as college-centered nature; this are mostly on the current situation in the world and what is happening in the college environment. In the words of Dasf, social sites assist people to share updates and information; this is the main role played by my Facebook page. According to Dana Boyd ‘Tastes and aesthetics are not universal but deeply linked to identity and values†, this means that as people interact, they exchange their believes, values, cultures and viewpoints. When this happens, they are likely to create different reaction and help in shaping the users believes. The behavior and cha racter of human beings is shaped by the materials they are exposed to; if they get exposed to materials that is not favorable, then they are likely to develop a deviant behavior. The post over Facebook shapes the users behavior, attitude, and perception. For example, when the site is used to advertise for commodities, then buyers are more likely to be persuaded especially when they see other people comment positively about how the product has changed their lives. On the other hand, if the comments are negatives, a user of the product is more likely to be convinced that the commodity is not good thus stop using the products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social network communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the young, some posts that can initiate some positive values as well as negative ones; for example, a post that shows people rejoicing as they praise God and confession by person on how another person has seen miracles when they follow teaching of God. A youth who has seen life to be hopeless is likely to respond positively to such a post and assist in shaping his attitude and perception in life. On the other hand, there may be a post that seems to promote premarital sex; such posts can persuade a morally upright youth to involve in such practices (Danah, â€Å"Making Sense of Privacy and Publicity†). Circulation vs. Distribution In communication and technology, circulation means the flow of intended information or enriched information from the intended source of the information and then after the flow, the information gets back to the source of information to be enriched or as a feedback. The process is continuous and follows the all processes of effective communication. Distribution on the other hand, means how circulated information gets to the larger community; the large communities are the people who are consume the information after it has been upgraded and c onsidered fit for public consumption. The main difference between circulation and distribution is the number of people involved and the stage at which they get the information. In the case of circulation, the information gets to specific people who are expected to vet the quality of the information and give feedback on areas that it needs to be improved and whether the information is fit for public consumption. On the other hand, distribution goes to the larger community, they are expected to consumer the information as it has been given and only offer feedback by response they give to the communication. For an effective communication, there must be effective methods of circulation and distribution; the effective of the methods determine the degree of success of a certain communication. Both circulation and communication are two-way systems; in circulation, a limited number of people consume the information and gets back to the source for improvement of the information before it get s to the public. In distribution, the response of the target members of the public is the feedback that completes the two-way system.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Danah, Boyd. Making Sense of Privacy and Publicity. South by Southwest, March 13 2010. Web. White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen Engagement with MySpace and Facebook. Digital Race Anthology, 2009. Web. This essay on Social network communication was written and submitted by user GwenStacy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tongoy V. Ca Essay Example

Tongoy V. Ca Essay Example Tongoy V. Ca Essay Tongoy V. Ca Essay Facts: This is an action for reconveyance respecting two (2) parcels of land in Bacolod City. The first is Lot No. 397 of the Cadastral Survey of Bacolod, otherwise known as Hacienda Pulo, containing an area of 727,650 square meters and originally registered under Original Certificate of Title No. 2947 in the names of Francisco Tongoy, Jose Tongoy, Ana Tongoy, Teresa Tongoy and Jovita Tongoy in pro-indiviso equal shares. Said co-owners were all children of the late Juan Aniceto Tongoy. The second is Lot No. 1395 of the Cadastral Survey of Bacolod, briefly referred to as Cuaycong property, containing an area of 163,754 square meters, and formerly covered by Original Certificate of Title No. 674 in the name of Basilisa Cuaycong. Of the original registered co-owners of Hacienda Pulo, three died without issue, namely: Jose Tongoy, who died a widower on March 11, 1961; Ama Tongoy, who also died single on February 6, 1957, and Teresa Tongoy who also died single on November 3, 1949. The oth er two registered co-owners, namely, Francisco Tongoy and Jovita Tongoy, were survived by children. Francisco Tongoy, who died on September 15, 1926, had six children; Patricio D. Tongoy and Luis D. Tongoy by the first marriage; Amado P.Tongoy, Ricardo P. Tongoy; Cresenciano P. Tongoy and Norberto P. Tongoy by his second wife Antonina Pabello whom he subsequently married sometime after the birth of their children. For her part, Jovita Tongoy (Jovita Tongoy de Sonora), who died on May 14, 1915, had four children: Mercedes T. Sonora, Juan T. Sonora, Jesus T. Sonora and Trinidad T. Sonora. By the time this case was commenced, the late Francisco Tongoys aforesaid two children by his first marriage, Patricio D. Tongoy and Luis D. Tongoy, have themselves died.It is claimed that Patricio D. Tongoy left three acknowledged natural children named Fernando, Estrella and Salvacion, all surnamed Tongoy. On the other hand, there is no question that Luis D. Tongoy left behind a son, Francisco A. T ongoy, and a surviving spouse, Ma. Rosario Araneta Vda. de Tongoy. On October 15, 1968 finding the existence of an implied trust in favor of plaintiffs, but at the same time holding their action for reconveyance barred by prescription, except in the case of Amado P. Tongoy, Ricardo P.Tongoy, Cresenciano P. Tongoy, and Norberto P. Tongoy, who were adjudged entitled to reconveyance of their corresponding shares in the property left by their father Francisco Tongoy having been excluded therefrom in the partition had during their minority, and not having otherwise signed any deed of transfer over such shares. Issue: Whether or not the conveyance respecting the questioned lots made in favor of Luis D. Tongoy in 1934 and 1935 were conceived pursuant to a trust agreement among the parties Held:The Court considers the evidence of execution of express trust agreement insufficient. Express trust agreement was never mentioned in the plaintiffs pleadings nor its existence asserted during the pr e-trial hearings. The Court finds that there is preponderance of evidence in support of the existence of constructive, implied or tacit trust. The hacienda could have been leased to third persons and the rentals would have been sufficient to liquidate the outstanding obligation in favor of the Philippine National Bank.But the co-owners agreed to give the administration of the property to Atty. Luis D. Tongoy, so that the latter can continue giving support to the Tongoy-Sonora family and at the same time, pay the amortization in favor of the Philippine National Bank, in the same manner that Jose Tongoy did. When the mortgages were constituted, respondents Cresenciano Tongoy and Norberto Tongoy were still minors, while respondent Amado Tongoy became of age on August 19, 1931, and Ricardo Tongoy attained majority age on August 12, 1935.Still, considering that such transfer of the properties in the name of Luis D. Tongoy was made in pursuance of the master plan to save them from foreclo sure, the said respondents were precluded from doing anything to assert their rights. It was only upon failure of the herein petitioner, as administrator and/or successor-in-interest of Luis D. Tongoy, to return the properties that the prescriptive period should begin to run.

Ethics in Organizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics in Organizations - Term Paper Example Further the high dependence on ethical business behaviour also helps in enhancing the social image of the concern in the external environment. Introduction to the company General Electric (GE) is an established company in the field of services, technology and manufacturing. The company operates in more than 100 countries and has 313,000 employees worldwide. The company owes its origin to the inventions of Thomas A. Edison. Edison established Edison Electric Light Company in the year 1878. It was in the year 1892 that a merger between Edison General Electric Company and Thomson – Houston Electric Company lead way to the birth of General Electric Company. GE has the record of being the only company that is listed in Dow Jones Industrial Index today that was also listed in the original index. GE holds the rank of the 5th largest U.S based company in the fortune 500. The main head quarters of the company is in Connecticut, U.S. the main division of work in GE are, GE Aircraft Engi nes, GE Appliances, GE Industrial Products and Systems, National Broadcasting Company, Inc., General Electric Capital, GE plastics, GE medical Systems, GE power systems, GE technical products and services. GE since its inception has undertaken the strategy of diversification and expansion in a global scale. The company has been successful in establishing itself in various industrial market and countries (General Electric, 2000, p.1). Corporate Vision/Mission The mission statement of GE represents the goals set for all their business units. The mission statement of GE represents the values that are centered on their key believes, Imagine, Build, Solve and lead. These four expressive verbs are chosen by the company to symbolize the stand of GE as a singular entity. For almost more than 125 years GE has been regarded as a company that believes in imagining and brings the imagination into life. GE believes in the power of imagination. The imagination of human brain if focused on the rig ht issues can build up solutions for several problems. The stress given by the management on building solutions for various problems, gives GE the edge and the strength to lead. Corporate Objective/ strategy The main strategy applied by GE in establishing itself as a global player is the two basic strategies: the strategy of diversification and the strategy of global scale operations. GE from the era of its inception has been open to all kind of business markets. The company which owes its origin mostly to electric engineering today has several operations that vary in nature from services to manufacturing. The company has been very adaptive during their growth and has added many operations including Medical equipments and home appliances to enter new market. The company has also applied aggressive strategies to enter the global market. GE has several dealers and showrooms in most countries. The trained sales force of GE give the company an easy entrance in many countries. GE has als o applied the strategy of resourcing their raw materials or parts from suppliers in countries from low wage countries. This Step taken by GE though

Art anaylsis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art anaylsis - Essay Example On research, it is evident that the STEN in STEN MK. V submachine gun is an acronym from the names of the chief designers of the weapon namely Shepherd, Turpin and Enfield. The submachine was produced in several basic marks i.e. mark I, mark II mark III and the initials MK were used for the term mark. The drawing is small, measuring 44 by 33 inches, yet immensely powerful. Though its dimensions may be small, the art work is immensely powerful. In simple terms, the smaller the submachine, the higher is its efficiency and effectiveness. The fire arm is small and yet it is extremely powerful. The STEN was used exceptionally extensively throughout World War II and in the Korean War by the British and commonwealth forces. This background information makes the inscriptions â€Å"God Bless America† on the drawings stock very full of meaning, hence extremely powerful. The aspect of its sight of the submachine on the globe is additive in a symbolic way. The artist used an acrylic, a pl astic polymer pigment which is used with water and dries extremely quickly, on a canvas ground. The canvas has the ability to reflect light. The use of acrylic on canvas gives the drawing exceptionally impressive and distinctive detail and a rich visual sensation. The artist also blends closely related colors in, but the blue color comes out as giving the globe a feeling of calmness. The message seems to be that a STEN Submachine can restore calm in the globe. The artwork has the flag of the United States of America embedded on it and these may be used to mean that the machine is heavily used in America to shed blood, and it is only through the blessing of God that the country will be saved. On the background, closely related colors are also blended making the submachine appear as if it is placed on the entrance of a cave. It also appears that there is light radiating from the background. This gives the submachine a highly symbolic meaning; one feels that the artist meant a gun is a protective instrument. The light that radiates from the back is a symbol of hope, that if a person has a gun they can have hope they are or will be safe. The dominant message that comes out in this work is the correlation between a gun and safety. To enhance the subject matter, a map of the world has been painted and then gun pointed at it, and it is specifically pointed at the United States of America. This is to show that the machine has been used globally and more so in the United States of America. In the map of the world, the United States is painted as one which is torn apart and full of blood. This is to show that regardless of its small size, the machine is able to shed blood in a whole country. During World War II, Britain and the commonwealth countries relied on the United States for supply of guns as it had entered the war without an adequate submachine gun of its own. So, Britain and the commonwealth countries purchased large numbers of Thompson submachine guns from the United States. American factories at the time were operating at peacetime levels, and as such were not able to meet demand for the weapon by Britain. The British army was then defeated at the continent and the Dunkirk Evacuation because of shortage of weapons with which to defend Britain. Thus, a drastic action had to be taken as there were no sufficient numbers of Thompsons submachine guns available. Thus, a shortage in supply led to the invention of the STEN gun so the machine was hastily created. Its

Value Chain Of Unilever Management Essay

Value Chain Of Unilever Management Essay Any profit motive concern would like to keep the costs to the minimum and maximize profits that can be sustainable as well. Lean production and waste elimination is the product of years of innovation to reduce costs. (Karlsson and Ahlstrom, 1996) This has worked to the favor of external entities such as suppliers and customers, and to some extent, the employees. Companies have realized the importance to involve the community as a whole in the process to foster a sustainable infrastructure that can ensure growth for the company and other associated with it. Introduction Unilever is a large multinational company, having its sourcing, production and sales throughout the world. There are a large number of fast moving consumer goods including foods, beverages, home and personal care products, and cleaning agents. A single category of products sell under various brands, having different attributes and varieties within a single brand. Some brands are limited to certain regions while some brands are under partnerships or have been acquired from local companies. Production of many products has been outsourced to other companies, under strategic alliances, in order to cut on cost of production, like Lux. The company has been continuously engaged in implementing such strategic moves. To improve the value chain, the secondary activities are highly evident as well as the primary activities. Lean Production at Unilever Unilever has a focus toward eliminating waste and bringing lean production into practice, right from the sources through internal processes to the consumers. With its complex procurement network and production scattered in different places, the possibilities for further enhancement in the value chain are endless. Unilever aims to be a multi-local company, which can understand local needs, and produce new products tailored to local needs.(Jones and Decker, 2007) This localization takes into account the different strategies that have to be put into practice for the same product in different locations, which can be put into reducing costs. There have been various success stories from around the world in this regard. In Peru, Unilever does not has a production facility so it uses the cost effective strategic option of outsourcing to local companies including Alicorp S.A.A., which reduced labor requirements and more focus was given to marketing the products. (SOMO, 2006) The companies involved in these strategic alliances have been strong companies. Unilever has a policy to find a partner with a high innovation potential, that can be used to ensure efficient synchronization with Unilevers own supply chain. As Bonney, 2002 has said that the company practices have partners dedicating a team solely for joint development exercises, where knowledge is effectively shared and applied, and commercial agreements are reached on patents, which signified long term partnership approach. Garijo, 2002, adds that Unilever, before going for an alliance, analyzes its internal capability in a particular domain and asks a potential partner to do the same on its own end. Future agreements are based on such defined capabilities. The gradual shift from house of brands to branded house has involved better internal processes. One example is their investment in information technology, which is been superseded by knowledge management practices over the last decade. Knowledge workshops have led to the creation of the Community of Practice (CoP), which pertain to a certain domain such as supply chain or production RD, who are involved in Knowledge Management Groups (KMGs), which continually enrich the knowledge of the employees. Marketing is one domain where KMGs are becoming active, owing to the tacit nature of localized knowledge in this area, while there are already dozens in supply chain and production technology. (Pos et al, 2005) Unilever has used CoP effectively to deal with Agronomy issues in areas with scarce water. In Australia, innovative irrigation systems were developed while in Brazil, an improved system curbed over-irrigation and associated problems. The resulting agricultural products are low-cost, better quality and have lower disease rates. Through this way of sourcing of raw materials, Unilever has established long term control over its sourcing needs. Given the leverage of its size, Unilever can further and continuously leverage its size to strengthen the very entities that it interacts with; the customers, suppliers and strategic production partners. Waste Management Being a large and growing company, the company needs continuous innovation to manage its waste along the value chain. It has been observed that outsourcing looks convincing but it discounts the control factor. For example in Perus case, the outsourcing has caused considerable cost reduction however it has also made it difficult to impose the standards practiced by the company. The layoffs resulting from the outsourcing and further layoffs by the outsourced company, have spoken about the cost to the employees of such strategic moves. The company has reduced the waste of over-employment and has improved efficiency but created the waste in the form of tarnished labor relations, which shows the inability of the company to follow its own Business Partner Code. (SOMO, 2006) As already discussed, Unilever is effectively improving its inbound logistics. The case of Palm Oil controversy, is one of the reasons to do so, and has in fact made the company respond quickly to such issues. In the case, Unilever could not fully adhere to its Sustainable Development Report 2009 where the company aims to grow while improving the environment and recognizes that each stage of the value chain can affect the environment. Prior to this and earlier declarations, the company had been working hard to restore its reputation, damaged by Greenpeaces Cooking the Climate report, where the company was named as a largest buyer of palm oil made from non-sustainable sources. Further media revelation of the companys continued purchase compelled the company to order its Indonesian supplier to stop buying from a local rainforest. Despite the companys successful sourcing of 15% of its tea and palm oil from sustainable resources, the company has been inconsistent in fulfilling its pledge s. The company has to practically prove its 2015 plan to source all its raw material from sustainable sources. (Drnach and Dowding, 2010) Unilever has been able to nearly eliminate waste in its production facilities and in the outsourced production. This has been due to the implementation of latest technology in its mass production models. At the outbound logistics domain and marketing sales domain, more and more services are being outsourced. There are a large number of companies like advertising agencies, brand activation, event management, media planning, business process outsourcing, distributor networks and more which are specialists in their respective domains (McGovern, 2005). It has been beneficial for the company to outsource to these companies due to the nature of these tasks. However, a collaborative and strategic partnership is made with these companies which can ensure better quality of results. The waste that occurs in this stage is that of the work rejected or delayed, for example, an advertising agency comes up with an advertising idea which is rejected or the distributor mishandles distribution, resul ting in inventory losses. Another waste that occurs in this area is in the form of delays that result in stockpiles of inventory. The distributor can misunderstand the change in the product brand image and fails to distribute to the markets intended for in the new branding. Failing to distribute the product properly can cause the product to lose its repeat or prospective customer. (Spence, 1977) The dual company structure does not create any impediments in the value chain as an equalization agreement eliminated dual board and management. (Jones, 2002) Under an agreed structure, where beneath the two parent companies are many local subsidiaries, the degree of involvement with the subsidiaries is gradually increasing, like its strategic plans, and moving from house of brands to a branded house. (Daye and VanAuken, 2007) It is highly recommended that Unilever should be more proactive by enlisting support and collaboration with their distributors and outsourced companies for marketing sales. The company should avoid being heavily dependent on the outsourced companies by having a system to create its own plans while approaching these companies.(Lei and Hitt, 1995) As for the inbound logistics, I adhere to Drnach, 2010 recommendations that the sources of supply should be tracked and audited regularly. The company should take a step in the improving its value chain without waiting for competitors to do the same, where there might be short term losses. It is also recommended that the knowledge management groups and related programs should be taken to other domains in the value chain by making its use compulsory for maintaining employment. Instead of using community of practice as a tool, the company should consider community of interest in order to create an acceptance of the knowledge management among the employees. It is important, also, to assign enriched roles or provide them alternate roles along the value chain, once the outsourcing has been done, rather than to lay them off. Any addition to the value chain, despite the cost, will add value to the organization as long term. The waste generated from the production itself should be utilized as a raw material for other production processes. Idle time can be utilized in training especially for factory workers, if it cannot be reduced immediately or not at all. This time can also be used in recreation activities for the employees. Employees should be given the chance to take part in decision making exercises that can help the top managers understand the complexity of problems inside the organization. Before the recommendations can be implemented, there should be a comprehensive audit of the value chain of the entire organization that can refine the recommendations. Impact of Change The recommendations will increase the efficiency of the organization and fewer resources would be used in production process. If implemented in letter and spirit, and with greater efforts, the recommendations can provide benefits beyond the intended ones. For example, by enlisting the support of distributors, the company can gather more information about the customers, through the retailers. Such information can be more meaningful than a consumer research conducted by a research company. With technological collaboration (like RFID Tags) with the distributors, the company can track the movement of the products from the production to the consumer in real-time, thus identifying where and when the products reach first and where the product demand varies owing to different factors, like seasonal and occasional. Distributors can also provide the company with information about changing consumer needs in various parts of the same location, leading to a different variety to be researched and launched for that area only, with a limited marketing budget. Maintaining linkages with the outsourced companies can be beneficial while having its own plans before approaching the outsourced companies can be even more beneficial owing to reduced dependencies on those companies. For example, it the company wishes to reposition the brand of an ice-cream, it should do complete planning of the work that is to be outsourced to different companies. With a plan in hand, the company will have a benchmark to compare the results with, so that they will not have to approach the companies again and again for improvements. The company can send a dedicated team to work along with these companies to report back the updates regularly so that the concurrent adjustment and enhancements can be made, rather than making a second approach to adjust the changes. For the inbound logistics the recommendations of tracking and auditing of the sources of raw material will improve the raw material quality and ensure long term availability. This will be possible as the audits will provide information whether the source of the raw material is sustainable. Furthermore the audit will provide information about the supply chain origins. For instance, in a South Asian country, the company can sell packaged milk like Nestle has. The company can reach the dairy farmers, who can be provided vital information as to the time they should deposit the milk. Technology at the village can be enhanced by installing lactometers that can measure how pure the milk is and the farmers are then paid according to the freshness of the milk rather than large quantities of low quality milk. Farmers would be encouraged to take care of their livestock to improve milk quality. Meanwhile the company can educate the farmers on taking care of the livestock through modern technique s such as medication and veterinarian care facilities. The village itself would find incentive to acquire such facilities. Thus by improving the technology of the village i.e. by going on a focused corporate social responsibility initiative, the company has a considerably better raw material that saves processing time and cost. Short term losses for implementing a value chain initiative can be high where the industry structure is not compatible with the initiative. A large company such as Unilever can bear such losses, but the impact it will have on the existing environment and the industry structure will be large enough to influence other players in the industry to follow suit. In my recommendation, that the company should not be reluctant at implementing a value chain initiative even if the losses seem to be high. The enhancement in the value chain will thus be beneficial to the industry not just the organization. The first company to implement the change will be the first one to benefit from the change, while other companies will be forced to follow the new industrial standards to survive. The long term sustainability will be created in term of continuous supply of better quality raw material from a sustainable source. The recommendations on forming knowledge management groups for more employees to share knowledge in their area of practice and interest, will considerably improve the quality of human resources at the organization. Community of interest should be promoted over practice, as it can diversify the views of the employees so that they can become more occupationally mobile rather than restricted strictly to their area of specialization.(Curtis, 1959) Furthermore the strategic moves by the company are expected to result in shifting existing employees to different areas on the value chain. The more occupationally mobile the employees are, the more quicker they will be able to learn their new roles, reducing hiring and training costs as well as retaining the employees along with the company specific knowledge. New employees would have to be taught about the organization from scratch, and would require more training. Lastly the idle time and waste generated by the production process itself can be managed to provide training time to the employees. This will avoid wastage of time in activities unrelated to work. If it is possible, the idle time can be used as a reason to employ part time wage workers who can work between the idle time intervals, while being trained during the intervals. Technology can be used to allow workers to work from home, if they are well trained in their area of work, and use the free time to maintain a reasonable work/home life balance. Waste from the production process itself can be used in other production processes in another factory of the company. For example, certain waste material from the production of soaps can be utilized in producing more soaps. Improved value chain will provide benefits to the community and the company. If both of them grow well, the benefit is passed on to all other players in the market. Framework to Respond to Danger Signals Keeping the Porters value chain model as a tool, a new first-line manager at Unilever can use the framework to identify the waste that occurs at each stage of the value chain, find the danger signals of each waste and respond to it. Inbound Logistics The waste can be the lost production time owing to delay in arrival of raw material, or the low quality raw material. The danger signals can be the number of hours a production process has to be stopped or slowed down, and the number of hours factory workers may have to wait. For each progressive number of hours, the manager has take a certain action. For instance, initially the incoming logistics has to be contacted for verifications of delayed time schedule. Later the production manager has to be informed, while workers are to be informed of the expected time and compensation. If the logistics is too much delayed, the managers can send the workers back to reduce wage cost and inform the higher management through production manager. Production and Operation The waste can include the idle time inherent in various machines in factory due to cool-downs and maintenance. This can cause wasted labor hours, which are paid for the idle times as well. The number of hours elapsed since the shut down is the danger signals. Initially the manager has to inform the workers to wait while the maintenance is in progress. On further delay, the workers are paid and sent back, while the manager liaisons with the maintenance team to know the status and inform the same to production manager. Outbound Logistics The waste includes inventory losses on mishandling, the lost consumer due to delay, misdistribution or low stock at the retailers end and losses owing to miscommunication with the distributors. The danger signals can be the loss percentage. As the percentage increases, the danger signals increases, and so a more high level decision has to be taken. For instance, for a small loss, the distributor is sent the first warning, while both company and distributer assume loss and the manager process the proceeding and informs the production manager and accounts department. On a greater loss, the distributor assumes the loss, failing which the manager has to inform the same to the production manager, accounts manager as well as the Marketing department. Marketing and Sales The waste is the time involved in rejected work from an outsourced company, and lost customers owing to failed brand repositioning based on unreliable research. The line manager has little to do with this domain, however the danger signals is the accumulated inventory if the full or partial production has started concurrent to change in, for instance, product attribute takes place, but is not marketed as yet. The manager can stop the production and inform the concerned positions. Service The waste is the loss of consumer due to inability to attend to consumer complaint or suggestion. The danger signals can be the increase in unattended consumer complaints on which the production has not taken any action, as well as an increase in the inventory levels. The manager has to inform the production to check the complaints and improve the product quality, while coordinate the production with procurement in case a machine update in needed. Procurement The waste that can occur at this stage of the value chain is the negative publicity as well the long term depletion of a raw material from a non-sustainable source. The danger signals can be the increase in inventory as fewer orders are being taken. The manager has to inform the procurement and marketing department after a certain inventory level is reached. Technology Development The waste is the lost production time due to an outsourced production facility not being fully compliant with the technology standards set by Unilever. The danger sign can be the total number of accumulated idle time in a week. Considering that the line manager is employed by Unilever at the outsourced facility, the manager can first inform the outsourced company production department, then to his companys outsourcing manager and production manager. Later the technical team of Unilever can be informed to perform necessary adjustments. Human Resource Management The waste can be the lost production time caused by delays caused by training new personnel. The number of hours elapsed since shutdown are the danger signals. Line manager can inform the human resource and production department to quicken the training period Firm Infrastructure The waste can be the lost production time caused by delays due to unrealistic plans and lack of finance. The number of hours elapsed since shutdown are the danger signals. Line manager can only inform the management of the happenings and try in his capacity to facilitate solutions. Conclusion Operations management is now the key to achieve faster production rates and improve both the top line and the bottom line. (Mukherjee, 2009) This area of study is increasingly being merged with the domain of marketing based on indirect responsibility because of the realization of need to be agile in competition.(Pycraft, 2000) To make sure that consumers are reached in time, sourcing, production and distribution has to be achieved quickly and efficiently.